<h3>Title</h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12.16px;">Earth Abundant Metal Functionalized Graphene Based Hybrid Electrocatalyst for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction</span></h3>
<p><strong><span style="font-size: 12.16px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Abstract</span> :</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">Rapidly increasing CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere is becoming the big challenge of scientific community globally because of serious environmental and societal issues. The major contributor for CO<sub>2</sub> is mostly from combustion of fossil fuel during industrialization. On the other end there is an increase in demand of energy because of globalization responsible for increase in level in atmosphere. It motivates to search for the ways to reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to other chemical intermediates and/or back to fuel. Among the existing conversion ways electrocatalytic approach by selecting appropriate cathode electrode nanomaterial is one of the most promising and cost effective approach to convert CO<sub>2</sub> to variety of hydrocarbons. [1]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">Further nanomaterials for electro catalysis are superior because of its compare to bulk large surface area, hence less utilization, spatial confinement, and many more. Another issue of it requires wide electrochemical window which controls the use of aqueous electrolytes. Depending up on electron transfer in electrochemistry of CO<sub>2</sub> there are different types of product formed such as Hydrocarbons, alcohols, Formic acid etc. [2] In addition to this other structural issues of CO<sub>2</sub> includes solubility, and comfortably of other reduced intermediates results into hamper its conversion. To overcome this barrier, we herewith used as-synthesized Graphene oxide decorated metal oxide hybrid electrocatalytic system for the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> considering their synergetic effect to useful product formic acid. [3] Moreover, as a one of the active component g-carbon nitrite (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) is having highly polymeric class and consists of carbon and nitrogen with different types of allotropes with sheet-like structure, synthesized by simple way from commercially accessible and low-cost materials. Again, N-doping materials are having more active sites and a large number of defects because of Sp<sup>3</sup> carbon atoms, which possess additional surface energy with enhanced electron enrichment for electrochemical activation of CO<sub>2 </sub>molecules. In the line of this we have synthesized non Nobel metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and decorated on graphene and g-carbon nitrite based hybrid electrocatalyst for electrochemical hydrogenation of CO<sub>2</sub> to formate/formic acid. [4]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">Furthermore reduction of formic acid to give methanol and finally methane as product which has widely used in petroleum industry as part of this formic acid important intermediate for came back again to fuel from CO<sub>2</sub>. Formic acid has natural antibacterial properties because of that used as antibacterial in food products as a preservative or on crops as a pesticide, production of leather, dyeing and finishing textiles, coagulant in many rubber manufacturing processes, it also helps to</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">fermentation at a lower temperature,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">one of the basic raw materials of organic chemical and it has insect protective mechanisms. [5]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;" lang="EN-US">References </span></strong></p>
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